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Scholar of modern European history. The prizewinning Dark Continent: Europe's Twentieth Century (2000) and Hitler's Empire: Nazi Rule in Occupied Europe (2008) encompass deep archival research across European countries and languages as well as a fluid narrative style. His Salonica, City of Ghosts: Christians, Muslims and Jews, 1430-1950 (2006) won plaudits and prizes for recounting the long - and complicated - history of a city in tolerant as well as violent times. Four books deal with modern Greece, and his Balkans: A Short History (2002), offered a nuanced historical portrait of a much misunderstood region. His most recent book, No Enchanted Place: The End of Empire and the Ideological Origins of the United Nations (2010) is an international history that reveals the sometimes unexpected contending forces at work in the founding of the UN.