NEW YORK — It was after caring for her aging mother that Carmen Zapata got the idea of working as a home health aide.
After all, an aging population is driving up demand; that the country will need, on average, nearly 35,000 additional home health aides per year through 2024.
That has also prompted colleges nationwide to offer certificate programs in the field.
Zapata, who is 60 and lives in the Bronx, found a certificate course at Hostos Community College and enrolled.
“In my desperation to find a job, I was willing to do anything,” she said.
But employers advertising for home health aides list certificates among the qualifications workers need only about half the time, according to a new analysis of millions of job postings. This for a profession that typically and for which a certificate program can take as long as a year. And while Zapata’s course was free to her and the few others who got in, others cost from at a for-profit institution to .
Policymakers have been pushing certificates as a way of getting closer to a long-sought goal of boosting the proportion of the population that has earned some kind of educational credential after high school. Colleges see them as an increasingly important source of income.
Those two factors helped boost the number of certificates awarded annually by 56 percent from 1995 to 2014, the last period for which the figure is available, . That makes certificates the fastest-growing kind of postsecondary credential. Nearly a million a year are now being conferred.
But the new analysis, from the Boston-based research firm Burning Glass Technologies, found that, out of 16 million job openings it reviewed over one year that did not require professional licenses, only eight-tenths of 1 percent, or about 130,000, asked for a certificate. To put this into context, as sparsely desired as they were, those home health aide certificates were actually more in demand than any other kind.
“There are certificates that people are acquiring that have no currency,” Matt Sigelman, Burning Glass CEO, said bluntly, at the company’s offices overlooking Boston Harbor.
, has found that many graduates of private, for-profit and public technical colleges that primarily confer certificates see little financial benefit from them.
Earning a certificate “doesn’t necessarily guarantee an adequately good-paying job that allows you to pay down your loans. That’s what this says,” said Michael Itzkowitz, senior policy advisor at Third Way and author of the new report, who was previously a top official at the Education Department. “Often students are leaving without the ability to get a well-paying job and often with unmanageable debt.”
At one in five such institutions, Third Way said, most former students earned less than the average high school graduate, even six years after enrolling. And at nearly four in five, most were unable to start repaying their student loans within three years.
“What we’ve done is use [certificates] as this supposedly quick and nimble way to get people an academic award of some type, but without paying attention to the underlying skills needs of employers,” said Judy Mortrude, director of the Alliance for Quality Career Pathways at the Center for Law and Social Policy, or CLASP.
Yet another new report, from the American Ƶ of Arts and Sciences, says that while alternative credentials such as certificates may be appealing, evidence of their effectiveness “is thin and quality assurance is weak.”
The certificate “has become a supply side-driven phenomenon,” said Sean Gallagher, director of the Center for the Future of Higher Education and Talent Strategy at Northeastern University. “There are universities and technology firms and even employers piloting new kinds of credentials and new types of certificates, but we don’t have good measurements about where there’s demand for them.”
Only eight-tenths of 1 percent of online job listings asked for a certificate.
Some observers find shortcomings in the research. Jobs for which employers value certificates, such as in construction, are seldom advertised in the kinds of online job postings Burning Glass reviews, for instance, said Anthony Carnevale, director of the Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce.
And while many of the students in the Third Way study who attended certificate-granting institutions end up earning less than high school grads, said Carnevale, their salaries might have been even lower than that without certificates.
The Georgetown center that certificate holders earn 20 percent more, on average, than they would have with only high school diplomas.
Certificates have other benefits, advocates and skeptics alike agree. “They may have some value as something to put on your resume to say, ‘Well, I may not look like I know about this, but I have a certificate in it,’ ” Sigelman said.
Certificates may also serve as gateways into higher education for students reluctant to pursue associate and bachelor’s degrees, and prove job applicants’ initiative in trying to improve their own skills. Nearly two-thirds of students who began their postsecondary educations with certificates went on to enroll in additional college courses, and a quarter earned associate degrees, bachelor’s degrees or both, .
There’s also consensus that, more than 20 years after the federal government started tracking certificates, enormous confusion exists among students and employers alike over what they actually are.
“It’s like the wild west of credentials, with so many things being offered that employers are losing track of them,” said Harry Holzer, former chief economist for the U.S. Department of Labor and now a professor of public policy at Georgetown who focuses on the low-wage labor market.
as simply “a formal award certifying the satisfactory completion of a postsecondary education program,” certificates vary from vocational to graduate level. They’re awarded for completing anything from one-day seminars to online classes to courses that take several semesters. What they teach can vary among not only different institutions in the same state, but different departments in the same institution.Some come with academic credit that can be cashed in later toward full-scale degrees; others don’t.
Gallagher has found in surveys of employers that certificates are also commonly confused with certifications — credentials issued by industry associations or government regulators, often based on an exam, and which in some professions are required.
Work is under way to bolster the usefulness of certificates by standardizing what they represent so consumers and employers alike have that information. This includes from CLASP and the Corporation for a Skilled Workforce, and a program run by the American Association of Community Colleges called . Both are underwritten by the Lumina Foundation. (Lumina is also among the funders of The Hechinger Report, which produced this story.)
“Why we’re doing that is to protect the student,” said Courtney Brown, Lumina vice president of strategic impact. “We want to make sure that what they’re getting is something that will lead to further education and employment.”
Lumina is at the forefront of efforts to increase the proportion of Americans with postsecondary credentials to 60 percent by 2025, a target toward which progress is behind schedule; the percentage has increased from less than 38 percent in 2008, when the goal was announced, to , and that was only , bumping it up by nearly 5 percent.
Only certificates that come with academic credit are included in that figure, Brown said. “We don’t count every certificate. We count high-quality certificates.”
While standardization talks move forward, colleges continue to funnel students into certificate programs that have become . Fifty-four percent of higher education administrators say they see such alternative credential programs as a supplementary source of income, .
That includes for-profit certificate-granting colleges, which the Third Way study found had the highest proportion of graduates unable to repay their student loans. “There are bad actors in this space that push certificates as the fast way to get a credential, that you see advertised on the bus,” said Mortrude, of CLASP.
Or, as Carnevale put it, “There’s a lot of Trump Universities out there” — a reference to the for-profit real-estate training program that shut down and then paid $25 million to students who alleged it had defrauded them.
Being aware of placement rates and earnings would help students choose the best certificate programs to take. But information about this provided by colleges is , and the Trump administration — which has delayed the so-called , an Obama administration effort to determine whether graduates’ incomes justify the costs of academic and vocational programs — has signaled an interest in providing less such information, not more.
“That’s kind of a dumb thing to do,” said Holzer. “Making information available is one of the most cost-effective things government can do. But the Trump administration has not had an enormous respect for data.”
Without having this kind of information readily available to students and employers, “We don’t know the return on this investment,” Gallagher said. “What you get in the end is a really confusing and blurry world where some of the certificates have value and some of them don’t.”
Additional reporting by Matt Krupnick.
This story was produced by , a nonprofit, independent news organization focused on inequality and innovation in education.